Forest and Wildlife Resources

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Summary

Summary of Forest and Wildlife Resources

Biodiversity in India: India is rich in biological diversity, with a vast array of flora and fauna.
Importance of Conservation: Conservation is essential for preserving ecological diversity and life support systems (water, air, soil).
Types of Forests:
- Reserved Forests: Most valuable for conservation; over half of total forest land.
- Protected Forests: Almost one-third of total forest area; protected from depletion.
- Unclassed Forests: Other forests and wastelands belonging to government and private individuals.
Community Involvement: Local communities play a crucial role in conservation through practices like Joint Forest Management (JFM) and traditional methods.
Conservation Projects: Initiatives like Project Tiger aim to protect endangered species and their habitats.
Sacred Groves: Areas revered by local communities that are preserved from interference, showcasing traditional conservation methods.

Learning Objectives

Understand the importance of biodiversity and its role in human life.
Describe the impact of human activities on flora and fauna.
Explain how communities have contributed to forest and wildlife conservation in India.
Identify various conservation strategies and their effectiveness.
Discuss the significance of sacred groves and traditional conservation practices.

Detailed Notes

Forest and Wildlife Resources

Biodiversity in India

India is one of the world's richest countries in terms of biological diversity.
Biodiversity includes a vast array of flora and fauna, which are integrated into our daily lives.
Human activities have put immense stress on biodiversity.

Importance of Conservation

Conservation preserves ecological diversity and life support systems: water, air, and soil.
It maintains genetic diversity for better growth of species and breeding.
Example: Traditional crop varieties and aquatic biodiversity are crucial for agriculture and fisheries.

Types of Forests in India

Type of Forest	Description
Reserved Forests	More than half of total forest land; regarded as most valuable for conservation.
Protected Forests	Almost one-third of total forest area; protected from further depletion.
Unclassed Forests	Other forests and wastelands belonging to both government and private individuals and communities.

Community Involvement in Conservation

Local communities play a crucial role in conserving forests and wildlife.
Examples include:
- Chipko Movement: Resisted deforestation and promoted community afforestation.
- Beej Bachao Andolan: Advocated for diversified crop production without synthetic chemicals.
Joint Forest Management (JFM) involves local institutions in protection activities.

Sacred Groves

Sacred groves are patches of forest preserved due to nature worship.
Certain trees are revered and protected by local communities, contributing to biodiversity conservation.

Conservation Projects

Project Tiger: Launched in 1973 to protect the tiger population and its habitat.
Legal protections have been established for various endangered species, including the gharial and one-horned rhinoceros.

Conclusion

Effective conservation requires the involvement of local communities and recognition of traditional practices.

Exam Tips & Common Mistakes

Common Mistakes and Exam Tips

Common Pitfalls

Misunderstanding Conservation Categories: Students often confuse reserved, protected, and unclassed forests.
Ignoring Community Involvement: Failing to recognize the role of local communities in conservation efforts can lead to incomplete answers.
Overlooking Biodiversity Importance: Not adequately explaining why biodiversity is crucial for human life can result in lower marks.

Tips for Exam Preparation

Review Definitions: Make sure to clearly understand the definitions of reserved, protected, and unclassed forests.
Focus on Examples: Use specific examples of community conservation efforts, such as the Chipko Movement and Joint Forest Management (JFM).
Practice Short Answers: Prepare concise responses for questions about biodiversity and its significance.
Understand Conservation Strategies: Familiarize yourself with various conservation strategies and their implications for wildlife and forest management.

Practice & Assessment

Multiple Choice Questions

Increased afforestation efforts

Insensitivity to our environment

Strict wildlife protection laws

Community conservation initiatives

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The depletion of flora and fauna is mainly due to insensitivity to our environment.

Establishing wildlife sanctuaries

Implementing Project Tiger

Conserving traditional crop varieties

Creating artificial breeding programs

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Conserving traditional crop varieties helps preserve genetic diversity, which is crucial for the better growth and adaptation of species.

Trees are considered sacred and worshipped

Trees are used for medicinal purposes

Trees provide timber for construction

Trees are a source of food and shelter

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Certain societies in India revere trees as sacred and have preserved them from time immemorial, contributing to their conservation.

Ownership of forest land

Monetary compensation

Intermediary benefits like non-timber forest products

Exclusive rights to hunt in the forest

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Under JFM, local communities are entitled to intermediary benefits such as non-timber forest products for their role in forest conservation.

Elephant

Tiger

Peacock

Gharial

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The tiger is considered a key wildlife species in the faunal web of India.

Modern environmentalism

Nature worship

Scientific forestry

Industrial development

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Nature worship is an age-old tribal belief that has preserved several forest areas in pristine form, known as Sacred Groves.

Forests managed by private individuals

Forests with no legal protection

Forests regarded as most valuable for conservation

Forests primarily for timber production

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Reserved Forests are regarded as the most valuable for the conservation of forest and wildlife resources.

They are open for commercial logging.

They are managed by local communities.

They are regarded as the most valuable for conservation.

They allow for unrestricted public access.

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Reserved Forests are considered the most valuable for the conservation of forest and wildlife resources.

They are used for timber production.

They are preserved due to religious beliefs, protecting biodiversity.

They are areas designated for hunting.

They are used for agricultural expansion.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Sacred groves are preserved due to religious beliefs, which helps in protecting biodiversity.

Forests are the primary consumers in the food chain.

Forests are the primary producers on which all other living beings depend.

Forests are the primary decomposers in the ecosystem.

Forests are the primary predators in the ecological system.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Forests play a key role as primary producers, supporting all other living beings in the ecological system.

To allow hunting and logging

For conservation of forest and wildlife resources

To promote tourism

For agricultural expansion

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Reserved forests are regarded as the most valuable for the conservation of forest and wildlife resources.

Establishment of national parks

Joint Forest Management

Nature worship and protection of sacred groves

Commercial afforestation projects

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Nature worship and the protection of sacred groves involve community participation, as these areas are preserved by local communities due to their cultural and religious significance.

Reserved forests

Protected forests

Unclassed forests

National parks

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Unclassed forests are other forests and wastelands belonging to both government and private individuals and communities.

Nature worship

Industrial development

Urbanization

Deforestation

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Nature worship is an age-old tribal belief that has preserved several virgin forests in pristine form, known as Sacred Groves.

To promote hunting of endangered species

To protect habitats and restrict trade in wildlife

To increase deforestation

To encourage poaching

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972 was implemented to protect habitats and restrict trade in wildlife.

By promoting tourism

By serving as carbon sinks

By preserving untouched ecosystems

By providing timber resources

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Sacred groves are areas left untouched by local communities due to cultural beliefs, thus preserving ecosystems in their natural state.

1973

1986

1965

1991

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Project Tiger was launched in 1973 to protect the dwindling tiger population.

Demarcation of Wildlife sanctuaries

Joint Forest Management

Establishment of National Parks

Implementation of the Wildlife Protection Act

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Joint Forest Management (JFM) is a community-driven conservation effort where local communities participate in the management and restoration of degraded forests.

Poaching for skin trade

Pollution of river habitats

Deforestation for agriculture

Competition with other crocodile species

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Pollution of river habitats has been identified as a significant factor contributing to the decline in the gharial population.

Joint Forest Management

Project Tiger

Beej Bachao Andolan

Sacred Groves

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Project Tiger is a conservation initiative that focuses on the legal protection of tigers and their habitats to prevent extinction.

Joint forest management

Beej Bachao Andolan

Chipko Movement

Demarcation of Wildlife sanctuaries

Correct Answer: D

Solution:

Demarcation of Wildlife sanctuaries is primarily a government-led initiative and does not directly involve community participation.

Forests are primarily used for timber production.

Forests act as the primary producers on which all other living beings depend.

Forests are mainly tourist attractions.

Forests are only important for their aesthetic value.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Forests play a crucial role in the ecological system as primary producers, supporting all other living beings, rather than just being sources of timber or tourist attractions.

Indian Elephant

Bengal Tiger

One-horned Rhinoceros

Snow Leopard

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The Bengal Tiger was the focus of 'Project Tiger', a major conservation initiative launched in 1973.

Joint Forest Management

Sacred Groves

Project Tiger

Wildlife Sanctuaries

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Sacred Groves are based on traditional beliefs where specific natural sites are protected due to their religious or cultural significance.

Managed by local communities

Protected from further depletion

Owned by both government and private individuals

Considered most valuable for conservation

Correct Answer: D

Solution:

Unclassed forests are not primarily considered the most valuable for conservation; this characteristic is associated with reserved forests.

To increase the population of all wildlife species

To protect the habitat of the Asiatic lion

To conserve the dwindling population of tigers

To promote wildlife tourism

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Project Tiger was launched to conserve the dwindling population of tigers, addressing threats like poaching and habitat loss.

Reserved forests

Unclassed forests

Protected forests

Private forests

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Protected forests are designated as areas where forest land is protected from any further depletion.

Madhya Pradesh

Odisha

Rajasthan

Kerala

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The Joint Forest Management (JFM) program has been in formal existence since 1988 when the state of Odisha passed the first resolution for it.

To enhance the aesthetic value of natural landscapes

To maintain ecological balance and life support systems

To increase the number of national parks

To promote tourism in forest areas

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Preserving genetic diversity is crucial for maintaining ecological balance and life support systems, such as water, air, and soil, which are essential for the survival of all living organisms.

Poaching for trade

Shrinking habitat

Use of synthetic chemicals in agriculture

Depletion of prey base species

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The use of synthetic chemicals in agriculture is not directly mentioned as a threat to the tiger population. Poaching, shrinking habitat, and depletion of prey base species are direct threats.

Unclassed forests

Protected forests

Reserved forests

Community forests

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Reserved forests are regarded as the most valuable for the conservation of forest and wildlife resources.

Ownership of forest land

Exclusive rights to timber harvesting

Intermediary benefits like non-timber forest produce

Monetary compensation for forest protection

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Under JFM, local communities are entitled to intermediary benefits such as non-timber forest produce and a share in the timber harvested by successful protection, rather than ownership or exclusive rights.

They are open for commercial logging activities.

They are managed by private individuals.

They are protected from any further depletion.

They are primarily used for agricultural purposes.

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Protected forests are designated to prevent further depletion and are managed by government agencies to conserve forest resources.

Industrial farming

Community afforestation with indigenous species

Use of synthetic chemicals in agriculture

Urban development projects

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The Chipko movement has shown that community afforestation with indigenous species can be enormously successful.

Focusing on a few endangered species

Focusing on biodiversity as a whole

Focusing only on plant species

Focusing on increasing human settlements

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The conservation projects are now focusing on biodiversity rather than on a few of its components.

Poaching for trade

Increase in prey base species

Expansion of tiger habitats

Reduction in human population

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

The major threats to the tiger population include poaching for trade, shrinking habitat, and depletion of prey base species.

To increase the population of all wildlife species

To protect the tiger population from poaching and habitat loss

To promote tourism in national parks

To conserve the genetic diversity of plant species

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

'Project Tiger' was launched to protect the tiger population from threats such as poaching and habitat loss, not to increase all wildlife populations or promote tourism.

Establishment of commercial logging zones

Legal protection for endangered species

Promotion of international wildlife trade

Encouragement of private hunting reserves

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972 provides legal protection to endangered species and their habitats.

Joint Forest Management

Project Tiger

Sacred Groves

Beej Bachao Andolan

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Sacred Groves are preserved due to the belief that all creations of nature are sacred and must be protected, leading to the conservation of these forests.

Joint forest management

Chipko Movement

Beej Bachao Andolan

Demarcation of Wildlife sanctuaries

Correct Answer: D

Solution:

Demarcation of Wildlife sanctuaries is a government-led initiative that does not directly involve community participation, unlike the other options which are community-driven.

Exclusive government control over forest resources.

Community involvement in forest protection and management.

Focus on monoculture plantation.

Complete ban on forest resource usage by local communities.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The JFM program involves local communities in the protection and management of forest resources, providing them with intermediary benefits.

Increased government control over forests

Involvement of local communities in forest management

Rapid industrialization

Expansion of agricultural lands

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

JFM involves local communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests, providing them with benefits.

Providing raw materials for industry

Serving as primary producers in the ecological system

Acting as recreational areas for humans

Being the main source of medicinal plants

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Forests play a key role in the ecological system as primary producers on which all other living beings depend.

It provides aesthetic value

It ensures ecological balance and supports life systems

It is a source of entertainment

It is primarily for scientific research

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Biodiversity is important as it preserves the ecological diversity and our life support systems such as water, air, and soil.

Joint forest management

Project Tiger

Beej Bachao Andolan

Demarcation of Wildlife sanctuaries

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Beej Bachao Andolan is focused on preserving traditional crop varieties, unlike the other options which focus on forest and wildlife conservation.

Establishing wildlife sanctuaries

Implementing crop monocultures

Creating seed banks

Protecting endangered species

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Crop monocultures reduce genetic diversity as they involve the cultivation of a single crop variety over a large area, which can make the ecosystem more vulnerable to pests and diseases.

Climate change

Poaching for trade

Natural disasters

Invasive species

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Poaching for trade is highlighted as a major threat to the tiger population.

Poaching for trade

Excessive rainfall

Lack of food

Overpopulation of tigers

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Poaching for trade is one of the major threats to the tiger population, as highlighted in conservation efforts.

For recreational activities

For scientific research

For conservation of forest and wildlife resources

For urban development

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Reserved forests are regarded as the most valuable for the conservation of forest and wildlife resources.

Ownership of forest land

Intermediary benefits like non-timber forest produce

Exclusive rights to hunt wildlife

Complete control over forest policies

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Communities involved in JFM are entitled to intermediary benefits like non-timber forest produce and a share in the timber harvested.

Protected forests

Unclassed forests

Reserved forests

Urban forests

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Reserved forests are regarded as the most valuable for the conservation of forest and wildlife resources.

Project Tiger

Beej Bachao Andolan

Joint Forest Management

Demarcation of Wildlife Sanctuaries

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Beej Bachao Andolan focuses on preserving traditional crop varieties, which is crucial for maintaining genetic diversity in agriculture.

To provide timber

To support biodiversity

To regulate climate

To produce oxygen

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Forests play a key role in the ecological system as they support biodiversity and are the primary producers on which all other living beings depend.

It provides aesthetic value

It ensures a stable ecosystem

It offers recreational opportunities

It reduces pollution

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Biodiversity is important as it ensures a stable ecosystem, which is crucial for human survival.

Peepal

Mahua

Tamarind

Mango

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The Mundas and the Santhal of Chota Nagpur region worship the mahua (Bassia latifolia) tree.

To increase tourism in tiger reserves

To protect the remaining population of tigers

To promote the trade of tiger skins

To relocate tigers to urban areas

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

'Project Tiger' was launched to protect the remaining population of tigers by banning hunting and giving legal protection to their habitats.

Asiatic lion

African elephant

Polar bear

Kangaroo

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

The Asiatic lion is one of the animals mentioned as being given legal protection under Indian wildlife conservation efforts.

Industrial afforestation

Sacred groves

Urban forestry

Commercial plantations

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Sacred groves are traditional methods where certain patches of forest are left untouched due to religious beliefs.

Asiatic lion

Snow leopard

Red panda

Indian elephant

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The Red panda is not mentioned in the provided excerpts as being given legal protection in India.

Reserved Forest Management

Protected Forest Management

Joint Forest Management

Unclassed Forest Management

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Joint Forest Management (JFM) involves local communities in the protection and management of forests, allowing them to receive benefits like non-timber forest produce.

Unclassed forests

Protected forests

Reserved forests

Urban forests

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Reserved forests are regarded as the most valuable for the conservation of forest and wildlife resources.

1962

1972

1982

1992

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act was implemented in 1972 to protect habitats and species.

They are managed by government and private entities.

They are primarily reserved for timber production.

They are protected from any further depletion.

They are designated for wildlife sanctuaries only.

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Unclassed forests are those belonging to both government and private individuals and communities, and are not specifically reserved or protected.

Asiatic lion

African elephant

Bengal tiger

Polar bear

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

The Asiatic lion, along with other species like the tiger and the Indian elephant, has been given legal protection in India.

True or False

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Unclassed forests are managed by both government and private individuals and communities.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Reserved forests, not protected forests, are regarded as the most valuable for conservation.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The Chipko Movement successfully resisted deforestation in the Himalayas, emphasizing community afforestation.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The Chipko Movement is known for its community involvement in conservation efforts.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Reserved forests are regarded as the most valuable for the conservation of forest and wildlife resources.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The JFM program is designed to involve local communities in the protection and management of forest resources, providing them with benefits like non-timber forest products.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Unclassed forests are not primarily managed by the government; they belong to both government and private individuals and communities.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The demarcation of wildlife sanctuaries does not directly involve community participation, unlike programs such as Joint Forest Management.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972 provided legal protection to several species, including the Indian elephant and black buck, against hunting and trade.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Biodiversity is essential as it supports ecological balance, which is vital for human survival.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Sacred groves are patches of forest preserved in their pristine form due to religious beliefs, where interference is banned.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Reserved forests, not protected forests, are regarded as the most valuable for the conservation of forest and wildlife resources.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act was implemented in 1972.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Protected forests are regarded as valuable for conservation, but reserved forests are considered the most valuable.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Conservation projects in India are now focusing on biodiversity as a whole, including insects and plants, rather than just large mammals.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Sacred groves are patches of forest that have been left untouched by local people due to religious beliefs, preserving them in pristine form.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Reserved forests are regarded as the most valuable for conservation purposes as they are protected from any further depletion.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Sacred groves are areas of forest that are protected by local communities due to religious beliefs, resulting in their preservation and minimal human interference.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Project Tiger was indeed launched in 1973 as a response to the drastic decline in the tiger population, aiming to protect and conserve this key species.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972 was established to provide legal protection to endangered species and their habitats, and to regulate hunting and trade of wildlife.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The Act was implemented with provisions for protecting habitats and included a list of protected species.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The Chipko Movement is known for its community-based approach to forest conservation, where local people actively participated in protecting trees from being cut down.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

India is indeed one of the world's richest countries in terms of its vast array of biological diversity, with a wide variety of plants and animals.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act was implemented in 1972, not 1973.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The Gharial population has been at its lowest since the 1970s, indicating instability and decline.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The Chipko Movement successfully resisted deforestation and promoted community afforestation with indigenous species, demonstrating its effectiveness in conservation.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Joint Forest Management (JFM) is a program in India that involves local communities in the management and restoration of degraded forest lands, providing them with benefits in return.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The Gharial population has been at its lowest since the 1970s, facing numerous challenges that have hindered its growth.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The Act was implemented in 1972 with provisions for protecting habitats and endangered species by banning hunting and restricting trade in wildlife.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Joint forest management (JFM) was formally established in 1988 when the state of Odisha passed the first resolution for it.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Project Tiger was launched in 1973 as a response to the declining tiger population, which had fallen to 1,827 from an estimated 55,000.

Forest and Wildlife Resources

AI Learning Assistant

Summary

Summary of Forest and Wildlife Resources

Learning Objectives

Detailed Notes

Forest and Wildlife Resources

Biodiversity in India

Importance of Conservation

Types of Forests in India

Community Involvement in Conservation

Sacred Groves

Conservation Projects

Conclusion

Exam Tips & Common Mistakes

Common Mistakes and Exam Tips

Common Pitfalls

Tips for Exam Preparation

Practice & Assessment

Multiple Choice Questions

Q1.Which of the following is a major factor contributing to the depletion of flora and fauna?

Correct Answer: B

Q2.In the context of biodiversity conservation, which of the following strategies focuses on preserving genetic diversity to ensure better growth of species?

Correct Answer: C

Q3.Which of the following traditional beliefs has contributed to the conservation of certain tree species in India?

Correct Answer: A

Q4.In the Joint Forest Management (JFM) program, what benefit do local communities receive for their participation in forest conservation?

Correct Answer: C

Q5.Which of the following is a key wildlife species in the faunal web of India?

Correct Answer: B

Q6.Which traditional belief has led to the preservation of certain forest areas in India?

Correct Answer: B

Q7.Which of the following describes 'Reserved Forests' in India?

Correct Answer: C

Q8.In the context of forest conservation, what is the primary benefit of 'Reserved Forests' as compared to other types of forests?

Correct Answer: C

Q9.What is the role of sacred groves in conservation?

Correct Answer: B

Q10.What is the primary ecological role of forests in the ecological system?

Correct Answer: B

Q11.What is the primary purpose of reserved forests in India?

Correct Answer: B

Q12.Which of the following conservation strategies involves community participation through the protection of sacred groves?

Correct Answer: C

Q13.Which type of forest is managed by local communities and is not classified under government categories?

Correct Answer: C

Q14.Which of the following is a traditional belief that has helped in the conservation of forests in India?

Correct Answer: A

Q15.What is the role of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972?

Correct Answer: B

Q16.How do sacred groves contribute to biodiversity conservation?

Correct Answer: C

Q17.In which year was the Project Tiger launched in India?

Correct Answer: A

Q18.In the context of biodiversity conservation, which of the following is an example of a community-driven conservation effort?

Correct Answer: B

Q19.Which of the following is a key reason for the decline in the gharial population?

Correct Answer: B

Q20.Which of the following conservation strategies primarily focuses on the legal protection of specific endangered species and their habitats?

Correct Answer: B

Q21.Which of the following conservation strategies does not directly involve community participation?

Correct Answer: D

Q22.Which of the following statements best explains the role of forests in the ecological system?

Correct Answer: B

Q23.What is the key wildlife species in the faunal web of India that was the focus of a major conservation project launched in 1973?

Correct Answer: B

Q24.Which of the following conservation methods is based on traditional beliefs and involves the protection of specific natural sites?

Correct Answer: B

Q25.Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of unclassed forests in India?

Correct Answer: D

Q26.What was the primary focus of the Project Tiger initiative launched in 1973 in India?

Correct Answer: C

Q27.Which of the following is an example of a protected forest in India?

Correct Answer: C

Q28.In which Indian state did the Joint Forest Management (JFM) program formally begin?

Correct Answer: B

Q29.In the context of biodiversity conservation, which of the following is a primary reason for preserving genetic diversity in plants and animals?

Correct Answer: B

Q30.Which of the following is NOT a direct threat to the tiger population as per conservationists?

Correct Answer: C