Security in the Contemporary World

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Summary

Chapter 5: Security in the Contemporary World

Overview

Discussion of 'security' and 'national security' in world politics.
Importance of understanding security in a democracy.
Introduction of two perspectives on security: traditional and non-traditional.

Traditional Notions of Security

External Security

Greatest danger from military threats by other countries.
Core values at risk: sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity.
Government responses:
- Surrender
- Deterrence (preventing war)
- Defence (responding to attacks)
Balance of Power: maintaining military strength relative to potential threats.
Alliances: coalitions formed to deter or defend against military attacks.

Internal Security

Importance of internal peace for overall security.
Historical context: post-World War II focus on external threats for powerful nations.
Newly-independent countries face both external and internal threats.

Non-Traditional Security Concerns

Broader interpretation of security beyond military threats.
Human security: focus on the safety and well-being of individuals.
Examples of non-traditional threats:
- Environmental degradation
- Health crises (e.g., chikungunya, dengue fever)
- Economic inequalities

India's Security Strategy

Nuclear tests justified as national security measures.
Emphasis on democratic political systems to address internal grievances.
Strengthening international norms and institutions for security.
Focus on economic development to alleviate poverty and inequality.

Key Concepts

Confidence Building Measures (CBMs): Processes for exchanging defense information.
Arms Control: Regulation of weapon acquisition and development.
Alliance: Coalition of nations for mutual defense.
Disarmament: Giving up certain types of weapons.

Exercises

Analyze traditional vs. non-traditional security concerns.
Discuss the implications of nuclear weapons as deterrence.
Explore the relationship between war and terrorism.

Conclusion

Security is a complex and evolving concept influenced by various factors.
Understanding both traditional and non-traditional security is crucial for contemporary world politics.

Learning Objectives

Understand the concept of security and its implications in world politics.
Differentiate between traditional and non-traditional security concerns.
Analyze India's security strategy and its components.
Evaluate the role of international cooperation in addressing non-traditional security threats.
Discuss the significance of military alliances and balance of power in traditional security.
Assess the impact of internal and external threats on national security.
Explore the relationship between democracy and security in the context of citizen involvement.

Detailed Notes

Chapter 5: Security in the Contemporary World

Overview

The terms ‘security' or 'national security' often stop debate and discussion.
Security is vital for the well-being of the country but can be too important or secret to be debated openly.
Citizens in a democracy need to understand security and India's security concerns.
The chapter introduces two different perspectives on security and emphasizes the importance of context.

Traditional vs Non-Traditional Security

Traditional Security

Focuses on military threats from other countries.
Core values at risk: sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity.
Government responses to threats:
- Surrender
- Deterrence (preventing war)
- Defence (responding to attacks)
Balance of Power: maintaining military strength relative to other nations.
Alliances: coalitions formed to deter or defend against military attacks.

Non-Traditional Security

Concerns beyond military threats, including human security.
Reflected in the 1994 UNDP's Human Development Report, emphasizing security related to people's daily lives.

India's Security Strategy

Traditional Security: Focus on military threats and maintaining national unity.
- Example: Nuclear tests in 1998 justified for national security.
International Norms: Strengthening international institutions for security interests.
- Example: Support for non-proliferation and participation in the Kyoto Protocol.
Internal Security: Addressing challenges within the country, including poverty and inequality.
- Democratic politics allows for the articulation of grievances.

Exercises

Match terms with meanings (e.g., Confidence Building Measures, Arms Control).
Discuss traditional vs non-traditional security concerns in various scenarios.
Analyze the impact of nuclear weapons on contemporary security threats.

Key Concepts

Human Security: Security related to the well-being of individuals.
Balance of Power: Maintaining military strength relative to other nations.
Alliances: Coalitions formed for mutual defense against threats.

Conclusion

Security is a complex and evolving concept influenced by various factors, including historical context and societal values.

Exam Tips & Common Mistakes

Common Mistakes and Exam Tips

Common Pitfalls

Misunderstanding Security Concepts: Students often confuse traditional security (military threats) with non-traditional security (human security, environmental threats). Ensure clarity on definitions.
Ignoring Context: Failing to consider the context in which security issues arise can lead to incorrect conclusions. Always relate security concerns to specific situations.
Overlooking Internal Security: Many students focus solely on external threats and neglect internal security issues, which are equally important.

Tips for Exam Preparation

Define Key Terms: Be prepared to define and differentiate between terms like 'Confidence Building Measures', 'Arms Control', 'Alliance', and 'Disarmament'.
Use Examples: When discussing security issues, use relevant examples from the text, such as India's nuclear strategy or the impact of terrorism post-9/11.
Understand Different Perspectives: Familiarize yourself with both traditional and non-traditional security perspectives to answer questions comprehensively.
Practice Application: Engage in exercises that require you to apply concepts to hypothetical scenarios, such as the negotiation activity with the four villages.
Review Historical Context: Be aware of historical events that shaped current security policies, such as the Cold War and its impact on traditional security concerns.

Practice & Assessment

Multiple Choice Questions

Military invasion by a neighboring country

Nuclear proliferation

Pandemic outbreak

Formation of a military alliance

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

A pandemic outbreak is considered a non-traditional security threat as it affects human security and does not involve direct military confrontation.

A strategy to maintain equal military capabilities among neighboring countries.

A method to ensure economic equality among nations.

A diplomatic approach to resolve conflicts without military intervention.

A system where countries form alliances to deter or defend against military attacks.

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

The 'balance of power' in traditional security refers to maintaining equal military capabilities among neighboring countries to prevent any one country from becoming too powerful.

To demonstrate technological advancement

To safeguard national security

To join the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

To promote nuclear energy

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

India justified its nuclear tests in 1998 as a means to safeguard national security.

Traditional security

Human security

Military security

Economic security

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Human security focuses on the protection of individuals, as highlighted in the 1994 UNDP's Human Development Report.

Regulating nuclear weapons

Banning the production and possession of biological weapons

Promoting nuclear disarmament

Encouraging arms trade

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) focuses on banning the production and possession of biological weapons.

Focuses on military threats from other countries.

Emphasizes economic stability within a country.

Prioritizes environmental protection.

Centers on individual human rights.

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Traditional security primarily concerns itself with military threats from other countries, focusing on sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity.

To increase economic trade

To deter or defend against military attacks

To promote cultural exchange

To control the spread of diseases

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Alliances during the Cold War were primarily formed to deter or defend against military attacks.

The 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC).

The 1997 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC).

The Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty of 1972.

The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) of 1968.

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty of 1972 is an example of arms control, as it regulated the use of ballistic missile systems rather than eliminating them completely.

To abolish all nuclear weapons

To limit the number of countries with nuclear weapons

To promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy

To encourage nuclear disarmament

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The NPT is an arms control treaty that regulates the acquisition of nuclear weapons, allowing only countries that had tested and manufactured nuclear weapons before 1967 to keep them.

By isolating itself from international affairs

By joining military alliances

By supporting international norms and institutions

By focusing solely on economic growth

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

India aimed to strengthen its security strategy by supporting international norms and institutions.

Aggressive military expansion

Strengthening international norms and institutions

Isolation from global politics

Unilateral economic sanctions

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

India's security strategy has focused on strengthening international norms and institutions to protect its security interests and promote global peace.

A country increasing its military expenditure to match its neighboring country's military capabilities.

A country reducing its nuclear arsenal as part of a disarmament treaty.

A country joining an international organization to promote economic cooperation.

A country focusing on internal security by addressing separatist movements.

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

The concept of 'balance of power' involves maintaining military power to deter potential threats from other countries. Increasing military expenditure to match a neighbor's capabilities is a direct application of this concept.

Military threats from neighboring countries

Violence in their colonies

Economic instability

Environmental degradation

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

European colonial powers were concerned about violence in their colonies from colonized people seeking independence.

The UN acts as a central authority capable of controlling global behavior.

The UN serves as a forum for international conflicts to be settled, but its authority is limited by its members.

The UN enforces military action against countries that threaten global peace.

The UN is primarily responsible for economic development in member countries.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The UN serves as a forum for international conflicts to be settled, but its authority is limited by the extent to which its members allow it to have authority and obey its resolutions.

Military invasions by neighboring countries.

Economic instability and poverty.

Nuclear arms race between superpowers.

Formation of military alliances.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The 1994 UNDP's Human Development Report highlighted that security should also focus on human security, which includes economic stability and poverty, rather than just military threats.

Because internal conflicts were completely eradicated.

Due to the establishment of a global peacekeeping force.

Because powerful countries faced no serious internal threats and focused on external threats.

Because internal security was managed by international treaties.

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

After World War II, powerful countries like the US and Soviet Union faced no significant internal threats, allowing them to focus more on potential external threats.

CBMs involve disarming all nuclear weapons globally.

CBMs are agreements to share defense-related information to reduce tensions.

CBMs require nations to form alliances against common threats.

CBMs focus on economic sanctions against aggressive nations.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Confidence Building Measures (CBMs) are processes where countries exchange information on defense matters regularly to reduce misunderstandings and prevent conflicts.

Economic stability

Military threats

Cultural preservation

Environmental sustainability

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Traditional security primarily focuses on military threats from other countries.

Countries agreeing to reduce tariffs on imports.

Nations giving up certain types of weapons, such as biological or chemical weapons.

A country developing new military technologies.

An alliance forming to deter potential threats.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Disarmament involves countries giving up certain types of weapons, as seen in treaties like the Biological Weapons Convention and the Chemical Weapons Convention.

Nuclear arms race

Internal separatist movements

Economic sanctions from colonial powers

Cybersecurity threats

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Newly-independent countries were primarily concerned with internal separatist movements, which posed significant threats to their national security.

To promote regional peace

To safeguard national security

To enhance economic growth

To support global disarmament

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

India conducted nuclear tests in 1998 as a measure to safeguard national security.

Maintaining equal military strength among countries.

Ensuring economic equality.

Promoting cultural exchanges.

Balancing environmental resources.

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

In traditional security, 'balance of power' refers to maintaining equal military strength among countries to prevent any one country from becoming too powerful.

A country increasing its military budget to deter potential external threats.

A country implementing policies to combat climate change.

A nation focusing on improving healthcare to prevent pandemics.

A government initiating programs to reduce economic inequality.

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Traditional security primarily concerns itself with military threats and defense against external aggression. Increasing military budget is a direct measure to deter potential external threats.

Military invasion

Nuclear proliferation

Climate change

Border disputes

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Non-traditional security threats include issues like climate change, which do not involve direct military actions but can have significant impacts on national and global security.

Threats from former colonial powers

Internal military conflicts

Economic sanctions from superpowers

Natural disasters

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Newly-independent countries faced significant security concerns from internal military conflicts, often involving separatist movements.

Disarmament

Alliance building

Balance of power

Human rights advocacy

Correct Answer: D

Solution:

Traditional security policy focuses on military aspects such as disarmament, alliance building, and maintaining a balance of power, rather than human rights advocacy.

Forming military alliances

Engaging in disarmament

Promoting economic development

Encouraging cultural exchanges

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Traditional security often involves forming military alliances to maintain a balance of power against potential threats.

To increase their effective power relative to another country or alliance.

To promote cultural exchange and mutual understanding.

To ensure economic stability and growth.

To regulate the acquisition or development of weapons.

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Countries form alliances primarily to increase their effective power relative to another country or alliance, as a means of deterring or defending against military attacks.

Giving up certain types of weapons

Exchanging information on defense matters regularly

A coalition of nations against military attacks

Regulating the acquisition of weapons

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Confidence Building Measures involve the process of exchanging information on defense matters between nations on a regular basis to build trust.

Military conflict with neighboring countries.

Economic competition with European powers.

Technological advancement.

Cultural exchanges with former colonizers.

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Newly-independent countries in Asia and Africa faced significant concerns about military conflict with neighboring countries.

Military invasions

Economic stability

Human security and well-being

Nuclear deterrence

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Non-traditional security threats focus on human security and well-being, addressing issues like poverty, health, and environmental concerns.

It acts as a central authority controlling all countries

It is a forum for international conflict resolution

It enforces military actions against aggressive nations

It provides economic aid to developing countries

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

In the traditional view, the United Nations serves as a forum for international conflict resolution, though it is not a central authority.

Threat of economic sanctions from former colonial powers.

Internal military conflicts and separatist movements.

Lack of access to global trade networks.

Over-reliance on traditional agriculture.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Newly-independent countries faced significant internal security challenges, including military conflicts and separatist movements, as they established their sovereignty.

Economic instability

Military threats from other countries

Environmental degradation

Cultural differences

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

In traditional security perspectives, the primary source of danger to a country is military threats from other countries.

To maintain a balance of power.

To promote global peace.

To reduce military spending.

To focus on environmental issues.

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

The US and Soviet Union pursued arms control to maintain a balance of power, allowing them to regulate the acquisition or development of weapons without completely giving them up.

Kotabagh, arguing for a greater share as the first settlers.

Gewali, claiming more resources due to a larger population.

Goppa, demanding more resources for an extravagant lifestyle.

Kandali, due to its strategic location.

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Kotabagh's claim for a greater share based on being the first settlers reflects the concept of 'historical rights', where historical precedence is used to justify claims over resources.

Focusing exclusively on military expansion.

Strengthening international norms and institutions to protect its security interests.

Isolating itself from global alliances.

Prioritizing traditional security over economic development.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

India's security strategy includes strengthening international norms and institutions, as well as supporting initiatives like disarmament and non-proliferation.

Ensuring equal economic opportunities for all countries.

Maintaining a favorable military power relative to other countries.

Promoting disarmament and arms control treaties.

Fostering diplomatic relations to prevent conflicts.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The concept of 'balance of power' involves maintaining a favorable military power relative to other countries to deter potential threats.

A neighboring country amassing troops at the border.

A severe outbreak of a new infectious disease.

A country developing a new class of nuclear weapons.

A military coup in a neighboring country.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

A severe outbreak of a new infectious disease is a non-traditional security concern as it affects human security and well-being beyond military threats.

Alliances are formed to promote cultural exchange between nations.

Alliances are coalitions of states that coordinate actions to deter or defend against military attacks.

Alliances are agreements to reduce trade barriers between countries.

Alliances are initiatives to combat climate change collectively.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

In traditional security, alliances are primarily formed for military purposes, to deter or defend against potential military threats.

Security focused solely on military threats from other nations.

Security related to the well-being of nation-states rather than individuals.

Security that prioritizes the legitimate concerns of ordinary people in their daily lives.

Security that is primarily concerned with economic growth and technological advancement.

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The 1994 UNDP's Human Development Report emphasizes that the concept of security should focus on the legitimate concerns of ordinary people in their daily lives, rather than being narrowly interpreted as related only to nation-states.

Biological Weapons Convention

Chemical Weapons Convention

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was aimed at regulating the acquisition of nuclear weapons, limiting the number of nuclear-armed states.

Alliance building

Economic sanctions

Environmental protection

Cultural exchange programs

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Alliance building is a key component of traditional security policy as it involves forming coalitions to deter or defend against military attacks.

Kotabagh

Gewali

Kandali

Goppa

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Kotabagh's claim is based on being the first settlers, thus using historical precedence to justify their demand for more resources.

Military threats from other countries

Spread of infectious diseases

Climate change

Economic instability

Correct Answer: A

Solution:

Traditional security concerns primarily involve military threats from other countries, focusing on sovereignty and territorial integrity.

Kyoto Protocol

Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)

Biological Weapons Convention (BWC)

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1968 was designed to regulate the acquisition of nuclear weapons.

Disarmament

Deterrence

Alliance Building

Arms Control

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Deterrence is a strategy aimed at preventing war by convincing potential adversaries that the costs of aggression will outweigh any potential gains.

Because these countries have no history of internal conflicts.

Because internal security was assumed to be assured due to strong governance.

Because external threats were non-existent.

Because internal security is managed by international organizations.

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Post-World War II, powerful countries assumed internal security was assured due to strong governance and focused more on external threats.

The complete elimination of all weapons

Regulating the acquisition or development of weapons

Increasing the number of weapons for national security

Sharing weapons technology with allies

Correct Answer: B

Solution:

Arms control refers to regulating the acquisition or development of weapons, as seen in treaties like the Anti-ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty.

Human rights

Environmental issues

Military threats from other countries

Economic development

Correct Answer: C

Solution:

Traditional security primarily focuses on military threats from other countries.

True or False

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The 1994 UNDP's Human Development Report highlighted that security has been interpreted narrowly, focusing more on nation states rather than the legitimate concerns of ordinary people.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Alliances in traditional security are based on national interests, which can change over time, leading to shifts in alliances.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

After the Second World War, powerful countries focused primarily on external threats, as internal security was considered more or less assured.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The Cold War between the US and the Soviet Union led to numerous conflicts globally, especially in the Third World, accounting for about one-third of all wars during that period.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The term 'national security' is frequently used to imply that certain issues are too important or secret to be openly debated.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The excerpt mentions that terms like 'security' or 'national security' are often used to stop debate and discussion, implying they are too important or secret to be discussed openly.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

After the Second World War, powerful countries focused more on external threats as internal security was largely assured.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

Traditional security mainly focuses on external threats, as it views the international system as a place with no central authority.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Internal wars now make up more than 95% of all armed conflicts worldwide, with a significant rise in civil wars since 1946.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Both the BWC and CWC were international agreements that successfully banned the production and possession of biological and chemical weapons, with widespread international adherence.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The excerpt describes that in the traditional conception of security, the greatest danger to a country is from military threats.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The excerpt explains that the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) banned the production and possession of biological weapons.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Alliance building is a traditional security policy where states coordinate actions to deter or defend against military attacks.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The 1994 UNDP's Human Development Report highlighted that security had been narrowly interpreted to focus more on nation-states than on people.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The NPT did not aim to abolish nuclear weapons but rather to limit the number of countries that could have them.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The 1994 UNDP's Human Development Report indeed argued that the concept of security had been interpreted too narrowly, focusing more on nation-states than on the legitimate concerns of ordinary people.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The Cold War between the US and Soviet Union led to about one-third of all wars during the post-Second World War era.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Traditional security focuses on external threats, primarily military threats from other countries, as the main concern for a nation's security.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The excerpt states that after the Second World War, internal security did not seem to matter as much as it had in the past for the most powerful countries.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The NPT did not abolish nuclear weapons; it regulated their acquisition, allowing countries that had them before 1967 to keep them.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

The excerpt notes that internal wars now make up more than 95 percent of all armed conflicts fought anywhere in the world.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Internal conflicts have become the predominant form of warfare globally, accounting for more than 95% of all armed conflicts.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Internal wars make up more than 95% of all armed conflicts, with a significant rise in civil wars between 1946 and 1991.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Disarmament involves states giving up certain types of weapons, as seen with conventions like the Biological Weapons Convention.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

India has supported international norms and institutions to protect its security interests, such as the UN and non-proliferation regimes.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Post-World War II, powerful countries like the US and Soviet Union were seen as internally secure, focusing more on external threats.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The NPT did not abolish nuclear weapons; it limited the number of countries that could have them.

Correct Answer: True

Solution:

Internal wars constitute more than 95% of all armed conflicts, highlighting the significant internal security challenges faced by many countries.

Correct Answer: False

Solution:

The Cold War alliances were primarily concerned with external military threats from opposing alliances.

Security in the Contemporary World

AI Learning Assistant

Summary

Chapter 5: Security in the Contemporary World

Overview

Traditional Notions of Security

External Security

Internal Security

Non-Traditional Security Concerns

India's Security Strategy

Key Concepts

Exercises

Conclusion

Learning Objectives

Learning Objectives

Detailed Notes

Chapter 5: Security in the Contemporary World

Overview

Traditional vs Non-Traditional Security

Traditional Security

Non-Traditional Security

India's Security Strategy

Exercises

Key Concepts

Conclusion

Exam Tips & Common Mistakes

Common Mistakes and Exam Tips

Common Pitfalls

Tips for Exam Preparation

Practice & Assessment

Multiple Choice Questions

Q1.Which of the following is an example of a non-traditional security threat?

Correct Answer: C

Q2.In the context of traditional security, which of the following best describes the concept of 'balance of power'?

Correct Answer: A

Q3.What was the primary justification given by India for conducting nuclear tests in 1998?

Correct Answer: B

Q4.Which of the following concepts emphasizes the security of individuals rather than nation-states?

Correct Answer: B

Q5.What is the primary focus of the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC)?

Correct Answer: B

Q6.Which of the following best describes the concept of 'traditional security'?

Correct Answer: A

Q7.What was a key reason for the formation of alliances during the Cold War?

Correct Answer: B

Q8.Which of the following treaties is an example of arms control rather than disarmament?

Correct Answer: C

Q9.What is the primary focus of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)?

Correct Answer: B

Q10.How did India aim to strengthen its security strategy post-independence?

Correct Answer: C

Q11.Which of the following best describes the primary focus of India's security strategy post-independence?

Correct Answer: B

Q12.In the context of traditional security, which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of 'balance of power'?

Correct Answer: A

Q13.What was a common security concern for European colonial powers post-World War II?

Correct Answer: B

Q14.Which of the following best describes the role of the United Nations in global security, as discussed in the text?

Correct Answer: B

Q15.Which of the following is a non-traditional security concern according to the 1994 UNDP's Human Development Report?

Correct Answer: B

Q16.Considering the post-World War II context, why did internal security become less of a concern for powerful countries?

Correct Answer: C

Q17.Which of the following best describes the role of 'Confidence Building Measures' (CBMs) in international relations?

Correct Answer: B

Q18.What is the primary focus of traditional security?

Correct Answer: B

Q19.Which of the following best illustrates the concept of 'disarmament'?

Correct Answer: B

Q20.What was the primary security concern for newly-independent countries in Asia and Africa post-World War II?

Correct Answer: B

Q21.Why did India conduct nuclear tests in 1998?

Correct Answer: B

Q22.What does the term 'balance of power' refer to in traditional security?

Correct Answer: A

Q23.In the context of security in the contemporary world, which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of 'traditional security'?

Correct Answer: A

Q24.Which of the following is a non-traditional security threat as per the contemporary understanding of security?

Correct Answer: C

Q25.What was a significant security concern for newly-independent countries after the colonial period?